Hanging so low, and for so long, that the fruit are fermenting on the ground. I tend to just call them low-hanging fruit. The economist Alex Tabarrok calls these cases “ ideas behind their time ”. So what took semaphore so long to take off? Many of the eighteenth-century systems did not even need multicoloured flags, my favourite being Lieutenant James Spratt’s “homograph”, subtitled “every man a signal tower”, which involved just a long white handkerchief. Ancient China at least had its smoke signals, as did many indigenous American societies, and apparently the ancient Greeks too. Although there were some seventeenth-century precursors, the main telegraphing systems in Europe seem to have been as crude as Gondor’s lighting of the beacons, capable only of communicating a single pre-agreed message. It strikes me as odd, too, that there was an explosion of signalling systems like semaphore only towards the end of the eighteenth century. There’s the classic example, of course, of suitcases with wheels - why so late? Was the bicycle another candidate?
But I keep seeing more and more such cases. When it comes to skill, materials, science, institutions, or incentives, none of them quite seem to fit. I keep coming back to this example, because it goes against so many common notions about the causes of innovation. As a labour-saving invention, Kay’s flying shuttle was even technically illegal. My hero!) Weavers had been around for millennia, as had shuttles: one is even mentioned in the Old Testament (“My days are swifter than a weaver’s shuttle, And are spent without hope”). (Lest you doubt that description of Woodcroft, he was, in addition to being an inventor himself, the man who compiled and categorised England’s entire patent record up to 1852, and who collected the inventions that would later form the basis of London’s Science Museum, particularly some of the earliest steam engines - among the most important machines in human history - that grace its engine hall today. Weaving had been “performed for upwards of five thousand years, by millions of skilled workmen, without any improvement being made to expedite the operation, until the year 1733”, was how Bennet Woodcroft - one of the nineteenth century’s most important historians of technology - put it. It involved no new materials, was applied to the weaving of wool - England’s age-old industry - and required no special skill or science. It radically increased the productivity of weaving in the 1730s, but involved simply attaching a little extra wood and string. My favourite example is John Kay’s flying shuttle, one of the most famous inventions of the British Industrial Revolution. A theme I keep coming back to is that a lot of inventions could have been invented centuries, if not millennia, before they actually were.
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